How does the church choose its cardinals?

By John Switzer

When Pope Francis announced his new crop of cardinals earlier this year, it did not go unnoticed that no Americans were on the list. There was no red hat for Chicago’s new archbishop, Blase Cupich, although this wasn’t really a surprise since his predecessor, Cardinal Francis George, was at the time still alive and eligible to vote in a papal conclave. Neither did Archbishop José Gomez of Los Angeles receive the honor, but previous L.A. archbishop Cardinal Roger Mahony is also still of voting age. Bishops are required to submit their resignation at age 75, but cardinals are still able to vote in a conclave until they turn 80. And tradition dictates that no diocese will have more than one cardinal of voting age, an unwritten rule that Pope Francis followed in his most recent round of appointments. (With the recent passing of Chicago's Cardinal George, Cupich may end up on Francis' next list of appointments, but there's still no guarantee.)

Francis certainly did, however, shake up many traditions surrounding who becomes a cardinal. Dioceses that normally have cardinals are finding that they no longer do. And red hats (birettas) and capes are being distributed in some unexpected places. Appointments for men in Tonga, Myanmar, and Santiago de Cabo Verde confirm the pope’s interest in building a genuinely global church where ecclesiastical power is not concentrated so mightily in Europe.

Most people probably already know that cardinals elect the pope, but that job is actually one that they are rarely called upon to perform. Their primary responsibility is to serve as advisors and assistants to the pope as he completes his duties as supreme pastor. Whatever else a cardinal may be doing (as head of a diocese or as chief of a Vatican congregation), he is always available to the pontiff. According to the Code of Canon Law, a cardinal remains at the service of the pope both personally and as a member of the College of Cardinals, which may be summoned by the pope for particular needs.

Like Chicago, there are archdioceses throughout the world whose archbishops are traditionally appointed cardinals, but the pope has final authority in this regard. A pope may make changes because he believes that there are too many cardinals in one country when compared to another, or he may wish to recognize the work of a particular cleric or theologian. Popes send important signals about their values and hopes for the church when they make—or withhold—appointments.

Since 1917 the code has required that a man must be a priest to be eligible for appointment to the College of Cardinals. An appointee who is not a bishop must be consecrated a bishop, but the pope can make exceptions, as John Paul II did for Jesuit theologian Avery Dulles in 2001. The first cardinals were probably senior clerics of some of Rome’s most important churches, now known as titular churches; others were bishops from nearby dioceses known as suburbicarian sees.

Since its work is centered on service to the pope in governing the church, some theologians have argued that the College of Cardinals should contain laypeople of both sexes. It is said that Paul VI considered giving a red hat to the Catholic philosopher and layman Jacques Maritain. There have been so-called lay cardinals in the past, but they were men in minor orders. Given his openness to new possibilities, Pope Francis might someday consider lay cardinals, both men and women.

- See more at: http://www.uscatholic.org/articles/201504/how-does-church-choose-its-cardinals-30005?utm_source=May+19%2C+2015&utm_campaign=ebulletin+May+19%2C+2015&utm_medium=email#sthash.vR20BjIR.dpuf

10 Things Catholics are tired of hearing

1.“Catholics worship statues.”This stereotype is painful to hear. Not only is this completely false, but it is ludicrous. Despite the fact that there are 801 millions Protestants world-wide, according to the Pew Research Center, my rant will be geared towards our brothers and sisters in the United States. In this country, approximately 51.5% of people are Protestant Christians. Realistically, most of these families have pictures in their home, which is completely normal, right? Right. They have pictures of their loved ones, both living and deceased. Is it not hypocritical then to say that Catholics are idol worshipers, when these families have portraits of their loved ones on the walls? If these Protestant families can have pictures of Uncle Bernie and Mawmaw hanging on the wall, then most certainly the Church can present pictures of our beloved Jesus, his disciples, and the saints.

2.“Catholics pray to Mary instead of God.”
This is a very common misconception throughout the Protestant community, and while I can understand why it is, I am also disheartened that many jump to such a harsh conclusion of the Catholic faith. We don’t pray to Mary, we ask her to pray for us, just as a Protestant asks their deceased grandparent/parent to watch over them.

3. “The saints can’t hear your prayers, because they are dead.”
I beg to differ. Since when is anyone who is in Heaven considered dead? We call it the afterLIFE for a reason. In fact, there is biblical proof that the saints can hear our prays:
-Revelation 5:8 “And when he had taken it, the four living creatures and the twenty-four elders fell down before the Lamb. Each one had a harp and they were holding golden bowls full of incense, which are the prayers of God’s people.”
-Revelation 8:3-4 “Another angel, who had a golden censer, came and stood at the altar. He was given much incense to offer, with the prayers of all God’s people, on the golden altar in front of the throne. The smoke of the incense, together with the prayers of God’s people, went up before God from the angel’s hand.”

4. “Mother Mary isn’t important; she’s just like anyone else.”
If our Blessed Mother isn’t important, then every female would have had an immaculate conception. For this reason, that is why the declarative statement above doesn’t make sense. Of course Mother Mary is important, she gave birth to our Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ. What is so amazing about the Catholic faith is the fact that we recognize the importance of Mary, and we honor her accordingly. She is a role model and saint for all Christians to look up to, because she submitted to God completely. Until the day another woman gives birth to Jesus, no one will ever be just like Mary. She is a very special, holy woman.

5. “Catholics made up all their rules.”
Every single tradition we have in the Catholic Church, namely during Mass, has biblical roots. Not to mention the fact that Jesus was the founder of our Church. I don’t know about you, but Jesus doesn’t make mistakes.

6. “God said to confess sins to Him, not a priest.”
This one is a personal favorite of mine. Drum roll please.
-James 5:16 “Therefore, confess your sins to one another, and pray for one another so that you may be healed. The effective prayer of a righteous man can accomplish much.”
It is true that we pray directly to God, and ask Him to forgiveness, however for sins (mortal) we do as Jesus commands and confess it to one another (our priests). Jesus said this directly to his disciples, so through Him, they were able to forgive sins. This power passed down to every priest, and so on and so forth. That felt good.

7. “Catholicism is a cult.”Jesus Christ founded this Church more than 2,000 years ago, I would hardly call it a cult.

8. “Catholics aren’t Christians.”
The word Christian is associated with anyone who follows Christ’s teachings, and since the Catholic Church does just that then we are to be called Christians. Not to mention Catholics were actually the first Christians.

9. “Catholics added books to the Holy Bible.”
This one is so hilarious it hurts. For 300 years there was no Bible, only random writings from the prophets like St.Peter etc, until the Catholic monks compiled and canonized what is now known today as the Holy Bible. (That is until the Protestant Reformation occurred, in which one man *Martin Luther* removed 7 books). Ouch.

10. “Catholics believe you can pay your way into Heaven.”
We definitely do not. That is a huge misconception which occurred during the Protestant Reformation.

Despite the many stereotypes that hang over our faith, the important thing to remember is our Church has stood the test of time and remained for more than 2,000 years. Whether you are Catholic or Protestant-- we are all followers of Christ, and He is the ultimate goal.

“The truth is like a lion. You don’t have to defend it, let it loose, and it will defend itself.”
-St. Augustine of Hippo

Traits of a Perfect Priest

The other day I was talking with my friend, Father McGillicuddy, the pastor of a local parish. He likes to confide in me, because he knows I’ll never tell anyone what he shared with me—unless, of course, I can’t think of anything to write about in my weekly essay. And since I have writer’s block at the moment, all I can say is: sorry, Father, I hope none of your parishioners are reading this.

Anyway, what Fr. Mac and I discussed was the most difficult aspect of being a parish priest. Surprisingly, it’s not the fact that priests have no money, nor is it the fact priests are constantly being awakened from a sound sleep to rush to the bedside of someone critically ill. The most difficult aspect of being a priest is the realization that no matter what you say or do, some parishioners will be upset. And these upset parishioners rarely keep it to themselves, as they apparently interpret St. Paul’s teachings against gossip to mean it’s perfectly okay to gossip as long as you’re complaining about the clergy.

So Fr. Mac and I made a list of the traits of the perfect parish priest, the attributes needed by the pastor so everyone in the parish will be happy all the time.

First, the perfect parish priest must schedule at least four vigil Masses on Saturday, and at least seven Masses during the day on Sunday, so all parishioners can attend a Mass that is most convenient to their schedules. And if the priest is also the pastor of a linked parish in a neighboring town, it doesn’t matter. He must offer four Masses on Saturday and seven on Sunday at that parish, too.

Every Mass the priest says must be the most inspirational liturgy anyone has ever witnessed. But it can’t last more than 45 minutes, because that’s when people start to get fidgety. Every homily must cause the parishioners to laugh a little, cry a little, and ultimately feel very good about themselves. And it must take less than five minutes. And the priest must never repeat himself. And he must memorize his homilies, as reading from notes tells the congregation he did not invest enough hours preparing the sermon.

The perfect parish priest must have a Ph.D. in psychology, so he always will say the exact right words to anyone with a personal problem. He must have a Master’s Degree in music, so the hymns and other music at Mass will be the exact correct selections to make everyone happy. He must have a Bachelor’s Degree in interior design, so the flower arrangements and other decorations in the church are pleasing to all visitors. He must be a licensed Professional Civil Engineer, so there are never any problems with the parking lot, traffic flows, and snow removal. And he must be a licensed plumbing, heating, and electrical contractor, so that no one is ever uncomfortable in church.

Finally, the perfect parish priest must never eat or sleep, as these are very selfish activities which reduce the number of hours the priest is available to serve the parishioners. And while we’re on the subject of selfish activities, the priest also must never brush his teeth, bathe, or go to the bathroom, since these, too, are time-wasters. But it goes without saying, the priest always must be clean-shaven, smell nice, and have a perfect smile, because we don’t want anyone to think our parish priest is a lazy bum.

So that’s really all that is required for a parish priest to be perfect and make everyone happy. Father McGillicuddy said he will get right to it—as soon as Satan starts wearing ice skates.

Solemnity of the Ascension of the Lord B

May 17, 2015

Click here for scripture readings.

Some of you probably saw the report that came out Tuesday from the Pew Research Center.

They tracked religious affiliation between 2007 and 2014. According to the study, the number of people who are Christian is declining. Sharply.

An overwhelming majority, about 70% of Americans, still call themselves Christian.

But that number has dropped eight percentage points in seven years.

And the number of people who are not connected with any religion in particular, the “unaffiliated,” is at an all-time high of nearly 23%—that’s three percent more than the number who call themselves Catholic.

In fact, for the first time ever, more people are “unaffiliated” than Catholic.

That’s a sobering reality.

And in light of today’s scripture, it offers us another sobering reality:

We have work to do. A lot of work.

The gospel today couldn’t be more clear. Jesus tells his disciples: “Go into the whole world and proclaim the gospel to every creature.”

In the reading from Acts, he assures them, “You will be my witnesses in Jerusalem, throughout Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth.”

But if you look at that Pew study and read the statistics, you have to wonder: Are we even trying?

Or are we, like the disciples, staring at the heavens, when there is work to do here on earth?

Christ isn’t asking all of us to preach.

Paul acknowledges as much, telling Ephesians today: some are apostles, some preachers, some evangelists, others teachers…but all called to build up the body of Christ.

Jesus, however, is asking something more, something even harder: he is asking us to be his witnesses.

On one level, that’s a challenge—because witness actually means “martyr.” And now, more than ever, it is a challenge looming large around the world. But there is more than one kind of martyrdom.

There is the everyday martyrdom of selflessness and sacrifice.

There is the martyrdom of not having the last word.

There is the martyrdom of forgiving those who have done us wrong—a boss, a friend, a spouse.

And the everyday martyrdom of simply being a witness to the Gospel often involves something we find increasingly elusive: mercy.

The Holy Father has declared a Year of Mercy, starting this December—and with good reason.

Be honest. How much mercy do you witness at the office?

Or even around your kitchen table?

How much are we being merciful? How much are we living, truly living, the Gospel in our daily lives?

As some of you know, I was in Haiti a few weeks ago. One of the places I was privileged to visit was Mother Theresa’s sisters in their hospital –

Its patients are all poor

Every room has a crucifix hanging on the wall.

Day after day, the men, women and children who pass through the doors of that hospital see the face of Christ—not only on the wall, but in those who care for them with such compassion, and tenderness, and love.

The staff turns away no one.

Put simply: they are Jesus to the poor of Haiti.

These women are fulfilling the mandate of today’s Gospel, carrying its message into the world.

Are we?

This glorious feast of the Ascension—one of the “glorious mysteries” we pray on the rosary—asks each of us to do something glorious.

It asks us to rise with Christ, to defy the laws of gravity.

It asks us to defy the world. To change the world.

Where do we begin? The answer has been before us all along.

Over the last few weeks, what has been the one recurring theme in the Sunday readings?

Love.

Love one another. We have heard it again and again in the readings. And for good reason.

That is where we begin. Making that choice. Living that choice.

And making that choice visible to a doubting and disbelieving world—a world that, as the Pew Study shows, is increasingly turning away from Christ.

Our mission is to change that. St. Paul puts it beautifully in today’s letter to the Ephesians:

“Live in a manner worthy of the calling you have received,” he tells them “with all humility and gentleness, with patience, bearing with one another through love.”

But, of course, love is not static. It is active.

The first word Jesus speaks in the gospel today is our imperative: “Go.”

It’s also one of the last words I’ll say at the end of this Mass:

“Go in peace, glorifying the Lord by your life.”

The challenge before us is to do that, in every moment and in every choice.

If we do, we just might change those statistics about Christianity—and who knows?

We also just might change the world.

Sixth Sunday of Easter B

May 10, 2015

Click here for scripture readings.

A The circumcised believers who had accompanied Peter were astounded that the gift of the Holy Spirit should have been poured out upon the Gentiles.

Every time the verb Aastound@ or the noun Aastonishment@ shows up in scripture, pay close attention, because chances are there is an example of God acting in our lives as God wants, not as we want God to act.

The Church is but a few days old, yet the congregants are already complaining among themselves, conspiring to send a letter to their equivalent of the bishop, complaining that even the gentiles B yes the gentiles, can you believe such a thing? B have accepted the word of God.

We can almost hear them saying, "Who is that person sitting in my pew?"

And "I am all for inclusion, as long as we don't lower our standards."

We are not the hosts at God's table; we are guests ourselves.

We aren't called to welcome as much as to act like we have been welcomed ourselves into the grace of God.

We don't forgive the sins of others; we testify that our sins have been forgiven.

We are all beggars hungry for the bread of God, telling the other beggars where the bread may be found.

Jesus made it all quite simple: "This is my commandment, that you love one another as I have loved you."

Too many Christians believe that we are called simply to believe in the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead, and that when we achieve that belief, it somehow separates us from those who don't.

We fall into the sin of believing that we are clean, and those who don't believe are unclean.

But as the philosopher Kierkegaard observed, "Christianity is not a doctrine to be taught, but a life to be lived."

Are we called to believe in resurrection, and teach it as doctrine, or are we called to practice resurrection in the life that we live?        

Jesus instructs that we are to practice resurrection when he says, "Love one another as I have loved you."

We go astray when the Risen Christ is worshiped but not followed.

To love one another is a call to action, modeled on Jesus' love for the disciples.

For the people with whom we are called to share the Good News of the resurrection, their future in the faith is often dependent on our ability to practice resurrection and not just preach it.

To practice resurrection with the very substance of our lives will be a constant expansion of our capacity to love.

 Jesus said, "No one has greater love than this, to lay down one's life for his friends."

Take a moment and look around.

Who is not here?

There are so many, but they will not come to us.

We must go to them, not in arrogance, but in humility.

We must go with a love that shows resurrection to be substantive and life‑giving, not as a doctrine.

We must show a love so sacrificial, charitable, welcoming, and abundant that it reveals that we would give our very life so that they would receive that transforming love imparted by the resurrection.

Many will say, "I can't go so far as giving my life."

Let us then say, "We believe in the resurrection," and testify to that belief with what our earthly lives reveal about our faith in God.

When the worship ends, the service begins.

Jesus said, "You did not choose me, but I chose you.

And I appointed you to go and bear fruit, fruit that will last, so that the Father will give you whatever you ask him in my name."

So let us ask God for what we need and go, rejoicing in the power of the Spirit.

Fifth Sunday of Easter B

May 3, 2015

Click here for scripture readings.

Three months ago, Paul was killing the followers of Jesus, and today he wants to preach the gospel.

No wonder they don't trust him!

So he is introduced to the Good Old Boys Club, who give him the seal of approval.

Church certification was simple in those days.

To be an apostle you had to be a personal friend of Jesus.

For a wannabe apostle like Paul you had to be approved by FOJs.

To be an ordinary parishioner you had to belong to a household of faith.

It's more difficult today to know which is Catholic.

Oh, we have a pope and creed and catechism; but after 2000 years things get complicated.

A majority of Catholics do not accept the church's teaching on birth control; many ignore the teaching on marriage;

the average parish council would reject the church's view on capital punishment;

 many finance committees (but not ours) would veto the pope's proposal to forgive the debt of developing nations.

There are different opinions on an issue because the same reality looks different from different sides.

The economy looks good or bad depending on whether you are rich or poor.

The job market looks different to those who do or don't have a job.

Marriage is understood differently by singles, married, widowed, divorced or re-marrieds.

Sex is experienced differently by heterosexuals and homosexuals.

War feels different to victors and vanquished.

The law seems very different to judge and criminal.

Does this mean that there is no objective truth, that every opinion is equally valid; that a good intention makes everything right?

No. Jesus did not say, "Love me and do what you want."

He said, "If you love me you will keep my commandments."

The problem is the application of 10 commandments to 6 billion people in 50 trillion situations.

That is why there are different images of the church because different people accentuate some values more than others.

There are also different church models because the church is a mystery too great to be defined by one image.

So, Scripture offers several: the People of God, the Communion of Saints, the Body of Christ, the Temple of God, the Sheepfold, the Vine and Branches.

It is not that one of these is true and the others false.

Nor is one necessarily better than the other.

They are given to complement and fill out each other so we can appreciate the fullness of the church and experience all its possibilities.

So we are free to live out of one model more than another now and then.

 But we are in danger if we focus too much on any one aspect of the church.

And we actually mutilate the Body of Christ when we obsess on one image of the church to the total exclusion of the others.

Even the moral model.

The churches founded by Paul were structured;

while the churches founded by John depended solely on the Holy Spirit and mutual love.

We are direct descendants of Paul's churches, while all of John's churches fell apart by the third century.

Not for lack of the Spirit; but because love alone does not keep the rain out.

That is why we maintain the church model of Paul to judge our moral conduct.

Some do better than others; some feel uncomfortable in the family;

some may be thrown out of the house.

But there is more to life than right and wrong.

And our church is not God.

So, we gather our battered, confused, guilty selves and go to John's church for a final verdict

We always want the church to give us the right answer

Surprise!

John refuses to get involved in our merely human justice.

He says: " We simply cannot know how you stand with God.

But I do know this: 'No matter how your conscience accuses you,

 God is greater than your heart.'"

Bishops’ Statement on Death Penalty Debate in Virginia

To build a culture of life we must respect the sanctity of even "unlovable" lives

Bishop Francis X. DiLorenzo and Bishop Paul S. Loverde issued the following statement:

This year, through the advocacy of the Virginia Catholic Conference, our Church spent considerable time opposing legislation related to the death penalty. The proposed measure would have permitted the Commonwealth to arrange with compounding pharmacies to mix drugs for use in executions, hiding from the public the identities of the pharmacies and materials used. Thankfully, this bill was defeated.  So, too, was a measure the Virginia General Assembly considered last year - also opposed by the Conference - that would have forced death row inmates to be electrocuted if lethal injection drugs are not available.

Meanwhile, Pope Francis delivered a message which sharply contrasted these disturbing debates. "There is discussion in some quarters about the method of killing, as if it were possible to find ways of 'getting it right' ….," the Pope wrote in a recent letter about the death penalty. "But there is no humane way of killing another person."

Pope Francis' keen observation adds an exclamation point to the rejection of these "method of execution" bills. In Virginia, we are indeed having the wrong debate - a reality clearly visible in light of all we celebrate during this Easter season.   

In these final joyful weeks of Easter, the Church continues to celebrate the gift of eternal life offered through the Resurrection. In our pilgrimage to that life, we follow Jesus, who loved and forgave us from the Cross, by living out the teaching of our faith that all human life is sacred, from the moment of conception until natural death.

This conviction is reflected in our understanding that the poor and vulnerable have the first claim on our consciences, in our opposition to abortion and euthanasia, and in our responsibility to welcome immigrants and refugees. But our faith also challenges us to declare sacred even the least lovable among us, those convicted of committing brutal crimes which have brought them the ultimate penalty, the penalty of death.

The Church's teaching on the death penalty is succinctly stated in a 2005 U.S. Bishops' statement, "A Culture of Life and the Penalty of Death": "No matter how heinous the crime, if society can protect itself without ending a human life, it should do so." This statement is the teaching of the Catechism, and for decades Popes John Paul II, Benedict XVI, and Francis consistently have urged us to embrace it.

To be sure, this teaching challenges many people, including ourselves when we reflect on violent crimes and lives lost in senseless and unimaginable ways. The deep pain, grief, and suffering of those who have lost loved ones to violence cry out for our care and attention. More killing, though, is not the answer: The death penalty does not provide true healing for those who mourn, nor does it embody the Gospel of Life, which each of us is called to affirm even in the most difficult circumstances.

It is also important to note that people have been executed despite serious doubts about their guilt, and inmates who languished on death row for decades have been freed after their innocence was proven. Since 1973, some 152 death row inmates nationwide - including one in Virginia - have been exonerated. We must also be aware of the racial inequity inherent in the system, and that the death penalty has been administered to individuals with severe intellectual disabilities.

These circumstances further illustrate that, in Virginia and elsewhere, we are having the wrong debate. We should no longer debate which inmates we execute or how we execute them. Instead, we should debate this: If all human lives are sacred and if a civilized society such as ours can seek redress and protect itself by means other than taking a human life, why are we continuing to execute people?

By ending the use of the death penalty we would take one important step - among significant others we must take - to abandon the culture of death and embrace the culture of life.

As Pope Francis reminds us, there is no humane way of taking a life. Let us not choose whether to use lethal drugs, electric chairs, gas chambers, or firing squads. Let us take the more courageous step and choose life instead, even when it seems "unlovable."

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